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Abdominal pain is more likely caused by the intestines. Small intestine pain occurs at the level of the navel and below. If the large intestine is also affected, the pain can also occur just below the ribcage. Often, cramps of the intestine are accompanied by noises like rumbling. Abdominal pain is often accompanied by nausea, diarrhoea, flatulence or vomiting.
Constipation can severely impair the quality of life of those affected: Defecation is difficult and painful – the faeces are usually hard and can only be excreted in small portions through strong pressing. How often we have bowel movements is highly subjective and depends on many factors such as stress, diet or exercise. According to experts, anything between three times a day and three times a week is considered normal for the frequency of bowel emptying.
Acute constipation is usually caused by changes in lifestyle, lack of exercise due to sitting in the car or plane on long-haul flights or a change in diet.
Chronic constipation has many causes, for example, medications, poor bowel habits, low fibre diets, possibly abuse of laxatives, hormonal disorders, diseases primarily of other parts of the body that also affect the colon, prolonged sitting.
Gallstones are crystallized components of bile (bile for short). This fluid is produced in the liver and collected in the gallbladder, which is only a few centimeters long and lies directly below it. If necessary, the bile is passed via the bile duct into the small intestine, where it supports the digestion of fat.
The main component of bile is water, which makes up around 80 percent. It also contains bile acids, proteins and bilirubin (a yellowish breakdown product of the red blood pigment hemoglobin). Bile also contains cholesterol. Both bilirubin and cholesterol can crystallize, resulting in very fine stones just a few millimeters in size (semolina) or gallstones up to several centimeters in size. Doctors then speak of cholelithiasis.
It is estimated that between 5 and 25% of the population have gallstones. People over the age of 40 are more frequently affected, women more than men.
If the thyroid gland produces too few hormones, this is called hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormones are energy suppliers for many body cells, therefore a lack of these hormones slows down the metabolic processes in the body. Possible causes of hypothyroidism are Hashimoto thyroiditis (an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland), removal of the thyroid gland or radiotherapy, iodine deficiency (needed for the formation of thyroid hormones), medication or drugs. The symptoms are typically rather unspecific and can be more or less pronounced: lack of drive, sleep disturbances, hair loss, constipation, weight gain, tiredness, general physical exhaustion, muscle weakness, depressive mood.
Indigestion is a collective term for complaints of the digestive organs. In most cases, the causes are harmless, such as eating too fast or eating spicy, greasy and fatty foods. Sometimes the reason for indigestion is to be found in rather serious illnesses like inflammation of the stomach, ulcers, pancreas inflammation, intestinal blockage or reduced blood flow in the intestine. Symptoms of indigestion may be felt occasionally or as often as daily. Common symptoms are stomach aches, diarrhoea, constipation, flatulence, heartburn, acid reflux and fatigue.
The irritable bowel is one of the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Diagnosed when a doctor has ruled out other possible causes, it is based on a functional disorder of the intestine and manifests itself through long-lasting or recurring abdominal pain, a feeling of fullness and diarrhoea or constipation, which occurs for a total of at least three months within a year.
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