water retention (oedema)

Oedema is a condition where fluid leaks from the vessels and accumulates in the surrounding tissue, resulting in swelling in those areas. Most often, the arms or legs are affected, since the fluid is most likely to accumulate there due to gravity. Mild oedema often occurs after prolonged sitting or standing. During pregnancy or just before menstruation, hormone-induced oedema may appear. Injuries may also lead to oedema, but they disappear on their own. Causes of water retention can also be numerous diseases and metabolic disorders. This is particular for generalised oedema, where fluid accumulates and swells throughout the body.

Many young women in particular, have sometimes severe symptoms before or at the beginning of their menstruation, which is called “premenstrual syndrome” (PMS). Strong hormonal changes and other physical processes around the menstrual period are the cause, but in most women, these decrease over the years. Possible physical symptoms include for example headaches and chest tightness, abdominal pain, circulation problems, weight gain, oedema and indigestion. Psychological symptoms include lack of concentration, exhaustion, listlessness, hypersensitivity, irritability and mood swings.